随活石进入系统的两种常见垃圾葵 左: Aiptasia sp. 右: Anemonia majano. 活石可能成为一群害虫的避风港。有些鱼类寄生虫如白点病和白毛病寄生虫幼虫变身前极有可能躲避在未检疫的活石中,还有些垃圾葵如Aiptasia 和Anemonia majano 也会通过这种渠道进入水族箱,至少会有些扁形虫(flatworms)和珊瑚寄生虫如裸鳃亚目动物(nudibranchs)。随着水族业的不断兴旺和发展,来自大西洋的人工活石数量不断增多,随之而来的各种寄生虫和害虫如:Cirolanid isopods (photo left), 螳螂虾(mantis shrimp),以及较大型的Caribbean fireworm (Hermodice carunculata)数量逐渐增多。当然,我分支持人工活石(aquacultured rock),不仅环保,而且也能提供足够的生物多样性,寄生虫只是一个小小的问题。我们要正确对待这个问题,对症下药。准备一个隔离的检疫缸检查,总比直接放入展示缸好得多。
肉食性的裸鳃亚目动物(nudibranch)正在啃噬硬骨珊瑚
左:脑珊瑚上遍布扁形虫 右:扁形虫特写
Aeolid nudibranchs 在瓦片(Montipora sp)珊瑚上 左:特写 右:在珊瑚上的卵.
金字塔螺(Pyramidellid snails)位于照片右侧的小点寄生在五爪贝上。 我在了解了某种药物或添加剂的3个方面后,才能向展示缸中添加。 1) 它含有什么 2)是否被证实有效 3)是否真的需要。第一项非常容易证实。是否真的含有列表中的成分?如果没有,我绝不会考虑用它。第二项也很容易检查。看看是否有相关的报道,报道与制造商所说是否一致,或其它类似产品有相同原理。如果一种添加剂无人证明其有效,或者一种药物无法证明其疗效,我一样会拒绝。最后,如何证实我需要的浓度。如钙添加剂,镁添加剂以及碱度调节剂,要先进行测试。制造商们列出这些,是因为它们是必不可少的。这些都可以进行测试,并调整添加量。不过盐度和铜含量的测试可以略过。另外,我还不知道任何水族安全的药物会附带测试包或有效证明。还有许多产品,如"magical elixirs"根本没有列出其成分,让他们自己去证明该产品的有效性吧。
作者使用的药物 检疫缸: 当选用一个容器作为检疫缸时,只要考虑几个简单的方面就可以了。第一,要与展示缸成比例。如果展示缸是一个180加仑的吊类FOT,安排一个10加仑的检疫缸显然不合适。如果你是一个爱喂食的鱼友,55加仑的展示缸,哪怕只有几条鱼也很难坚持到最后,因为鱼儿生长速度较快,放在10加仑的展示缸内甚至不能维持一个月。如果展示缸为150加仑,那么考虑使用30加仑的检疫缸,如果饲养的鱼体形较大,检疫缸可适当增大。一般,检疫缸的体积占展示缸体积的20%,大一点更好。
各种食物
我只是用几句话总结了关于喂食方面的问题,即使用几个段落,几万字的篇幅也难以说清,希望大家能够阅读在文章末尾给出的超级链接里相关文章。
下面的列表是我的喂食列表。每种生物在检疫期都对应着某种食物。这不是我的全部配置,只是我的一般经验和建议。
Cyclop-Eeze:
SPS corals Feather dusters Zoanthids & small colonial anemones
Sweetwater Zooplankton:
Zoanthids & small colonial anemones Large polyp stony corals
Phytoplankton:
Clams Feather dusters
Larger plankton substitutes such as frozen Pacifica plankton and Mysis shrimp:
Large polyp stony corals Anemones
Sushi Nori/Seaweed Selects:
Snails Urchins
Rotifers (live and prepared formulations):
SPS corals Feather dusters 那么,生物需要被检疫多久呢?
哈哈哈,有些急躁了吧。性情急躁是绝对不能对付寄生虫的!当然懒惰的人也不行。如果在开缸,处理活石、启动氮循环的过程中,你没能学会耐心的话,检疫缸这部分你一定会学会的。这里绝没有绕开的机会。对于一次有效地检疫来说,新生物最低的检疫时间是一个月。对此我的感受很深,如果你认为这个时间过长,那么实际上你是在浪费自己的时间。一旦寄生疾病爆发,你会把所有的时间浪费在清空缸内所有的鱼儿身上。耐心等待较短的时间会给你的生物避免灾难。要知道,每种生物在水族箱内的寿命都是几十年到上百年不等。一个月的检疫时间简直微不足道。而且,强调一个月的检疫时间也是逼迫鱼友好好设计检疫缸,不要给生物造成人为伤害。很多人的检疫缸只是临时用品,条件不比运输用的包装袋好到哪去,水质更不用说。读过这篇文章,大家应该完善自己的检疫缸设施。
这两条透红小丑都感染了小丑鱼病Brooklynella ,需要进行检疫和治疗
要注意,这里所说的一个月检疫期是针对未检出疾病和寄生虫的情况。如果有必要使用药物治疗的话,要从停药开始计算,直到生物完全恢复健康。实际上,那意味着有些生物要在检疫缸中度过大概2个月或更长的时间,具体情况根据用药和治疗效果确定。无论谁,怎么劝说你不必这样小心,他都是在把你推向悬崖。生物买回后,简单的检疫,直接放入展示缸欣赏,那是非常兴奋地事情,但礁岩中心鱼病板块内关于鱼儿发病感染的帖子堆积如山,都是心急惹的祸。这是目光短浅的,最终你和你的生物将为这种目光短浅付出代价。
预防性治疗:(Prophylactic Treatment)
即使没有发现某些常见疾病,我有时还会使用预防性治疗的方法,我也建议大家这样做。这样做的原因是有些鱼很容易感染某些疾病。许多鱼友没有发现疾病的症状,或已经发现但误诊,因而使用了错误的治疗方案,当我们幡然悔悟,终于发现致病原因时,为时以晚,鱼儿已经太虚弱,不能承受药物的毒性了。因此,我使用一些预防性的治疗。例如,吊类我一般采用减低盐度的疗法,因为它们非常容易感染白点病和白毛病。还有小丑鱼,我通常会使用福尔马林溶液浴,因为它们感染小丑鱼病的几率非常大(Brooklynella, 俗称小丑鱼病)。我还主张在检疫缸食物内添加大蒜汁,以激发鱼类免疫系统, (Colorni, et al. 1998) 也可作为驱虫用途(Fairfield, 1996 and Jedlicki, pers. comm.)。
一个自制药柜,经过我精心组织,配合检疫缸使用 与鱼类不同,我不建议对无脊椎动物使用预防性治疗。无淡水浴,无碘浴,不使用任何商业药物浴。我不相信目前人们对于珊瑚寄生虫了解的程度,因此,检疫隔离期,我只做静静的观察。如果有些害虫能够检查出来,在检疫缸内处理会比在展示缸内处理好得多,起码不用冒感染整个水族箱的危险。 结论: 对于那些一眼扫之前6000字段落的读者,让我们在此回顾一些重要内容; 检疫任何生物!鱼、珊瑚、五爪贝、海葵、活石、活砂、无脊椎生物,说得过分些,凡湿润物体,均需检疫。存疑即检疫。! 一个正确设置的检疫缸能保证展示缸内所有生物安全。 检疫缸是一个安全放松的环境,可以使长途劳顿的珊瑚和鱼类放松恢复。 有无数种寄生虫、病原体需要隔离在缸外,但购买生物时,它们并不明显,甚至不能发现。 当整个水族箱受到感染时,你所使用的水族安全药物不一定安全有效。 当问题发生后在解决总比一开始就把问题堵在门外花费多。 事先计划好,一个检疫缸的花费可能非常小。 有效地生物过滤是检疫缸成功的关键。 检疫缸的照明不必太强,只要能维持光合作用即可。刺激生长的灯光并不需要。 光线的不足可以通过喂食弥补。 使用预防性治疗。不要针对所有疾病,只针对流行易发的疾病防治即可。 检疫期最短1各月,多则更好。如果出现绝食、需要治疗等情况,计时从新开始。 有些需要治疗的鱼儿可能在检疫缸中留置超过2个月。 最后,如果你对本文有不同意见,不要再浪费时间了,因为你一定会遇到麻烦的。请不要把问题归结到检疫,而不是不正确的技巧。 希望我已经说服读者设立一个安全的检疫缸了。实际上,我更希望已经把那些没有检疫缸的兄弟给吓着了,因而决定立即设立检疫缸。如果你还无动于衷,我祝你好运,因为你早晚会需要的。如我所说,闯荡多年的鱼友都深知检疫缸的重要性。 References: Borneman, Eric. 2001.Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, and Natural History. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ, page 392. Calfo, Anthony. 2001. Book of Coral Propagation. Reading Trees, Monroeville, PA, pages 349-351. Colorni, Angelo, Rami Avtalion, Wayne Knibb, Evelyn Berger, Barbara Colorni, & Bracha Timan. 1998. "Histopathology of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) experimentally infected with Mycobacterium marinum and treated with streptomycin and garlic (Allium sativum) extract" Aquaculture 160 (1998) 1-17. Delbeek, J. Charles & Julian Sprung. 1994. The Reef Aquarium: Volume One. Ricordea Publishing, Coconut Grove, FL, page 283. Dickerson H.W. and Dawe D.L. 1995. Icthyophythirius multifiliis and Cryptocaryon irritans (Phylum Ciliophora) In: P T K Woo (ed.) Fish Diseases and Disorders. Volume 1: Protozoan and Metazoan Infections. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon. pp 181-227. Fairfield, Terry. 1996. "Garlic & Your Aquarium" Aquarium Fish Magazine, January 1996. Fenner, Robert. 1998. The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Microcosm Ltd., Shelburne, VT, pages 120 & 153-155. Jedlicki, Kelly. Personal Communications. Moe, Martin. 1992. The Marine Aquarium Reference: Systems and Invertebrates. Green Turtle Publications, Plantation, FL, pages 171-187. Noga, Edward J. 2000. Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. pages 97-99, 282-283, and 286-288. Paletta, Michael. 2001. The New Marine Aquarium. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ, pages 113-115. Shimek, Dr. Ron. 2002. "Pills, Parasites, and Predators; Isopods in the Reef Aquarium" ReefKeeping Online Magazine, May 2002. http://www.reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-05/rs/ Tullock, John H. 2001. Natural Reef Aquariums. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ, page 253-254. Related Reading Quarantine: Trevor-Jones, Andrew. 2002. "Quarantining Your Fish" Reefkeeping Online Magazine, February 2002. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-02/atj/feature/index.htm "Quarantine Your Fish!" Seascope, Volume 7, Spring 1989. http://216.168.47.67/cis-fishnet/seascope/MA0153.htm Quarantining Marine Livestock by Bob Fenner http://www.wetwebmedia.com/quaranti.htm Quarantine of Corals and Invertebrates by Scott Fellman http://www.wetwebmedia.com/quarinverts.htm Quarantine of Marine Fishes by Scott Fellman http://www.wetwebmedia.com/QuarMarFishes.htm Quarantine Methodology, part 1 by Terry Bartelme http://www.marineaquariumadvice.com/quarantine_methodology_1.html Quarantine Methodology, part 2 by Terry Bartelme http://www.marineaquariumadvice.com/quarantine_methodology_2.html Advanced Aquarist April 2004 Tips for Quarantine http://www.advancedaquarist.com/issues/april2004/tips.htm Marine Ich/Cryptocaryon: Bartelme, Terry. 2004. "News on the Warfront with Cryptocaryon irritans, Part 5." Advanced Aquarist Online Magazine, March 2004. http://www.advancedaquarist.com/issues/mar2004/mini5.htm Bartelme, Terry. 2004. "News on the Warfront with Cryptocaryon irritans, Part 4." Advanced Aquarist Online Magazine, February 2004. http://www.advancedaquarist.com/issues/feb2004/mini4.htm Bartelme, Terry. 2004. "News on the Warfront with Cryptocaryon irritans, Part 3." Advanced Aquarist Online Magazine, January 2004. http://www.advancedaquarist.com/issues/jan2004/mini3.htm Bartelme, Terry. 2003. "News on the Warfront with Cryptocaryon irritans, Part 2." Advanced Aquarist Online Magazine, December 2003. http://www.advancedaquarist.com/issues/dec2003/mini2.htm Bartelme, Terry. 2003. "News on the Warfront with Cryptocaryon irritans, Part 1." Advanced Aquarist Online Magazine, November 2003. http://www.advancedaquarist.com/issues/nov2003/mini1.htm Pro, Steven. 2003. "Marine Ich/Cryptocaryon irritans: A Discussion of this Parasite and the Treatment Options Available, Part 2." Reefkeeping Online Magazine, October 2003. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2003-10/sp/feature/index.htm Pro, Steven. 2003. "Marine Ich/Cryptocaryon irritans: A Discussion of this Parasite and the Treatment Options Available, Part 1." Reefkeeping Online Magazine, August 2003. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2003-08/sp/index.htm Marine Ich by Andrew Trevor-Jones http://www.petsforum.com/personal/trevor-jones/marineich.html Marine Velvet/Amyloodinium: Pro, Steven. 2004. "Marine Velvet/Amyloodinium ocellatum: A Discussion of this Disease and its Available Treatment Options." Reefkeeping Online Magazine, July 2004. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2004-07/sp/feature/index.htm Marine Velvet by Andrew Trevor-Jones http://www.petsforum.com/personal/trevor-jones/amyloodinium.html Coral Diseases and Pests: Borneman, Eric. 2002. "The Coral Health and Disease Consortium: New Information on Coral Disease." Reefkeeping Online Magazine, March 2002. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-03/eb/index.htm Hiller, Greg. 2003. "An Aquarist's Experiences with a Species of Acropora Parasites" Advanced Aquarist Online Magazine, June 2003. http://www.advancedaquarist.com/issues/june2003/feature.htm Perun, Blane. 2003. "Coral Predators: The Aeolid Nudibranch" Freshwater And Marine Aquarium Magazine, March 2003. Shimek, Dr. Ron. 2001 "Coral Fleas" Tropical Fish Hobbyist, December 2001. Shimek, Dr. Ron. 2002 "Bitty Bugs: Copepods in the Reef Aquarium." Reefkeeping Online Magazine, October 2002. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-10/rs/index.htm Elimination of a Predatory Nudibranch by Tracy Gray http://www.reeffarmers.com/tracygraynudi01.htm Coral Feeding: Borneman, Eric. 2003. "The Food of Reefs, Part 7: Dissolved Nutrients" Reefkeeping Online Magazine, April 2003. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2003-04/eb/index.htm Borneman, Eric. 2003. "The Food of Reefs, Part 6: Particulate Organic Matter" ReefKeeping Online Magazine, March 2003. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2003-03/eb/index.htm Borneman, Eric. 2003. "The Food of Reefs, Part 5: Bacteria" Reefkeeping Online Magazine, January 2003. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2003-01/eb/index.htm Borneman, Eric. 2002. "The Food of Reefs, Part 4: Zooplankton" Reefkeeping Online Magazine, December, 2002. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-12/eb/index.htm Borneman, Eric. 2002. "The Food of Reefs, Part 3: Phytoplankton" Reefkeeping Online Magazine, October 2002. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-10/eb/index.htm Borneman, Eric. 2002. "From the Food of Reefs to the Food of Corals." Reefkeeping Online Magazine, August 2002. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-08/eb/index.htm Borneman, Eric. 2002. "Reef Food." Reefkeeping Online Magazine, July 2002. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-07/eb/index.htm